In addition she has a poem coming out in Chrysalis Reader, as well as the short story "The Trial," in WESTWIND Review, Ashland, Oregon (forthcoming).
She will also be presenting “Goddess is a Verb: The Divine Feminine in Action in Literature and Film," at Swedenborg Library’s Writing Program, Chicago (forthcoming April 28, 2006).
One of the first computer games I remember buying was Sim City, for my family's x86 computer. It came with a red-ink on pink-paper code booklet that was required each time you started a new game. If you couldn't fill in the fifth alphanumeric code from the third column on page 2, the game would not start. Since the ink and the paper were in low-contrast, the page could not be photocopied; the thousands of codes on its sixteen pages made the booklet arduous to transcribe. Thus, Sim City was hard to copy and distribute to others. This kind of copy-protection made sense to me—the game's publisher needs to protect the value of their product; if that pink booklet weren't included, I could distribute the game to whomever I wanted, for free! Little did I know that this protection system was actually part of an ideological war being waged among computer programmers and publishers—a war over “open source.”
When people began writing and distributing computer code, they often did so free of charge. While they included their names in the programs, they usually did not charge anything to other users, nor to people who copied the programs they made. They did so for several reasons—for a long time, hardware was so expensive that the programs were seen as 'added bonuses,' rather than the object of purchase. Using a computer was complicated enough that only a chosen few could do so—there wasn't a market for commercial programming. Additionally, programming was seen as a craft, one that demanded 'showing off.' Finally, since many people who programmed had learned to do so by tinkering around, they felt everyone should have access to that learning process.
The rise of the home computer changed all that. Suddenly there were millions of people with computers in their homes, eager to process words, play games, and spread their sheets. (Sorry, I'm not clear what verb goes with “Spreadsheet.”) Alongside this emerging market grew software companies who, unlike these individuals who 'hacked' together code and distributed it freely, sought to sell their code user-by-user. Additionally, these companies began asserting copyright over their code—they began suggesting that it was illegal for users to “look under the hood.” They took the 'how it works' code—or source code—and closed it. In light of these new trends, a new philosophy was born: the philosophy of open source.
Open source programmers believe that computer code should be open for its users. Individuals should be able to tinker with programs they have obtained, and should be allowed to redistribute their changes. An entire network of programmers and users have grown around these ideas, usually centering on the idea of programs built and maintained to be freely distributed. While many of the largest programs employ programmers, they also recruit heavily from folks who are interested in the projects, and want to help.
So what does this mean for you? The short answer is that there are lots of free, well-built, and heavily user-tested programs available for you and your computer. The long answer is that the open source model provides an interesting model for those of us interested in encouraging collaborative activity, both in the classroom and in our own scholarship. Perhaps most importantly, Open Source software provides a great example of the power of communal work unmotivated by commercial needs.
If you'd like to know more about Open Source software, I recommend:
A primer from the Free Software Foundation:
note that Free Software and Open Source are distinct ideas with a common goal
http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/
The Cathedral and the Bazaar:
A book-length treatise on the value and philosophy of Open Source software
http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/
“Open Source and Academia”:
An exploration of the useful relationship between educational and Open Source philosophies—by your humble author
http://www.bgsu.edu/cconline/tayloriley/intro.html
Here are links to some of the key open source software projects you or your students might enjoy:
OpenOffice:
A fully-functional Office application capable of saving in Microsoft-friendly formats.
http://openoffice.org/
Firefox and Thunderbird:
A browser and mail client (respectively) that offer a wide range of customizations and features.
http://mozilla.org/firefox/
http://mozilla.org/thunderbird/
Gimp:
A slightly-clunky but powerful image-editing program.
http://gimp.org/
Filezilla:
A file-transfer program
http://filezilla.sourceforge.net/
nVu:
A web authoring program along the lines of Dreamweaver (though not quite as smooth).
http://www.nvu.com/
A handy list of MANY open source packages available.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_open-source_software_packages
See you next month!
Brendan
Department newsletter compiled by M. Killian McCurrie.